The pros and cons of facial recognition technology
Is it really worth risking user privacy in the name of efficiency and security?
Facial recognition may have seemed like a far off future technology in sci-fi films like Star trek or 2001: Space Odyssey, yet today it is widely used in many guises.
People can unlock a smartphone with a glance, tag their friends in Facebook posts, or even superimpose one face onto another in photos. This kind of biometric tech has revolutionised authentication, making it quick, simple, and, for the most part, accurate.
However, facial recognition is not without issue; the killing of George Floyd by US police in March 2020, and the subsequent protests in cities across the world, led to greater scrutiny of law enforcement's use of facial recognition, with providers like Amazon, Microsoft and IBM halting both the development and sale of facial recognition technology. Police use of the technology was also deemed unlawful in the UK with the Court of Appeal stating that it violates human rights, data protection laws and equality laws.
The subject of facial recognition is also being debate in the European Parliament, where policymakers are looking at wholesale bans of the technology for mass surveillance. A recent petition put forward by a group of privacy advocates has warned of a number of potential outcomes should the technology continue under its current state of regulation. The petition has been signed by 42,489 people, to date.
Despite this, facial recognition is still widely used around the world, in various private and public settings, often in places of work. And, while it continues to be debated IT Pro has collated a list of pros and cons, to help you stay on top of the conversation.
Pros of facial recognition
There are many benefits facial recognition can offer society, from preventing crimes and increasing safety and security to reducing unnecessary human interaction and labour. In some instances, it can even help support medical efforts.
1. Finding missing people and identify perpetrators
Law enforcement agencies use facial recognition to identify criminals with no other means of identification and find missing people by comparing faces on live camera feeds with those on a watch list.
They’ve also used it to find missing children, combining facial recognition with ageing software to predict how children would look several years on and find them even when they’ve been missing for years. Police receive live alerts and are able to investigate potential matches in real-time.
2. Protecting businesses against theft
Facial recognition software can be an effective preemptive measure against shoplifting. Business owners use the software and security cameras to identify known or suspected thieves, and the presence of the cameras themselves work to deter theft in the first place.
If a business does end up getting stolen from, the software can also help identify and track the thieves.
3. Better security measures in banks and airports
Facial recognition also helps improve safety and security in non-retail spaces, like airports and banks.
It’s been a regular part of airport security screening for years. Similar to identifying criminals that come into shops, the software has helped identify criminals and potential threats to airlines and passengers.
The US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has promised to use facial recognition on 97% of international passengers by 2023.
An additional benefit is that it runs border checks much more quickly and accurately than people can.
Institutions like banks use the software in the same way to prevent fraud, identifying those previously charged with crimes and alerting the bank so they know to pay extra attention to the person’s business at the bank.
4. Shopping is far more efficient
While identifying and finding missing persons and criminals are arguably the most important benefits of facial recognition, they extend beyond security to convenience.
Instead of making cash or credit purchases at stores, facial recognition technology can recognize your face and charge the goods to your account.
Use of this increased during the pandemic to serve both convenience and security purposes, as well as help manage the smaller ratio of staff to customers, but retailers also see the tech being used in the future to recognise and advertise to loyalty club members and clock employees in and out.
5. Drastically reduces human touchpoints
Facial recognition requires fewer human resources than other types of security measures, such as fingerprinting. It also doesn’t require physical contact or direct human interaction. Instead, it uses AI to make it an automatic and seamless process.
It also limits touchpoints when unlocking doors and smartphones, getting cash from the ATM or performing any other task that generally requires a PIN, password or key.
6. Better tools for organizing photos
Facial recognition can also tag photos in your cloud storage through Apple or Google. This makes it easier to organize, find and share your photos. It also plays a role in suggesting tags on Facebook.
7. Better medical treatment
One surprising use of facial recognition technology is the detection of genetic disorders.
By examining subtle facial traits, facial recognition software can, in some cases, determine how specific genetic mutations caused a particular syndrome. The technology may be faster and less expensive than traditional genetic testing.
Cons of facial recognition
As with any technology, there are potential drawbacks to using facial recognition, such as threats to privacy, violations of rights and personal freedoms, potential data theft and other crimes. There’s also the risk of errors due to flaws in the technology.
1. Greater threat to individual and societal privacy
The threat to individual privacy is a significant downside of facial recognition technology. People don’t like having their faces recorded and stored in a database for unknown future use.
Privacy is such a big issue that some cities, including San Francisco, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts, have banned law enforcement’s use of real-time facial recognition surveillance. In these cases, police can use video recordings from personally owned security video devices, but they can’t use live facial recognition software.
2. Can infringe of personal freedoms
Being recorded and scanned by facial recognition technology can make people feel like they’re always being watched and judged for their behavior. Plus, police can use facial recognition to run everyone in their database through a virtual criminal lineup, which is like treating you as a criminal suspect without probable cause.
3. Violates personal rights
Countries with limited personal freedoms, such as China, UAE, North Korea, Iran and Iraq, commonly use facial recognition to spy on citizens and arrest those deemed troublemakers.
4. Creates data vulnerabilities
There is also concern about the storage of facial recognition data, as these databases have the potential to be breached.
Hackers have broken into databases containing facial scans collected and used by banks, police departments and defense firms in the past.
5. Provides opportunities for fraud and other crimes
Lawbreakers can use facial recognition technology to perpetrate crimes against innocent victims too. They can collect individuals’ personal information, including imagery and video collected from facial scans and stored in databases, to commit identity fraud.
With this information, a thief could take out credit cards and other debt or open bank accounts in the victim’s name, or even build a criminal record using the victim’s identity.
Beyond fraud, bad actors can harass or stalk victims using facial recognition technology.
For example, stalkers could perform reverse image searches on a picture taken in a public place to gather information about their victims and determine who they are and where they live.
Plus, because technological crime moves faster than the law, people can be victimized before the activity is viewed as a crime.
6. Technology is imperfect
Facial recognition isn’t perfect. For example, it’s less effective at identifying women and people of color than White males.
The technology depends upon algorithms to make facial matches. Those algorithms are more robust for White men than other groups because the databases contain more data on White men than women and people of color. This creates unintentional biases in the algorithms.
7. Innocent people could be charged
There are inherent dangers in false positives. Facial recognition software could improperly identify someone as a criminal, resulting in an arrest.
This issue is exasperated when you add that the technology struggles with people of color, which increases the potential for racial profiling accusations.
8. Technology can be fooled
Other factors can affect the technology’s ability to recognize people’s faces, including camera angles, lighting levels and image or video quality. People wearing disguises or slightly changing their appearance can throw off facial recognition technology too.
Technology continues to evolve
As facial recognition technology improves, its challenges will decrease. Other technology could impact its effectiveness, including recognizing body parts or how a person walks.
For the time being, though, the technology’s inadequacies and people’s reliance on it means facial recognition has room to grow and improve.
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