OpenAI has released two open weight LLMs which can be run on smaller hardware and even the latest AI laptops, with similar performance to some of its recent small language models.
The two models, gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b, are available under the Apache 2.0 license. ‘Open weight’ in this context means the full training parameters are publicly accessible, intended to improve transparency, safety, and make the models more customizable through fine-tuning.
Each model is a unique offering from OpenAI, which hasn’t released free models since GPT-2 in 2019. The larger of the two, gpt-oss-120b, has 117 billion parameters and can be run on a single Nvidia A100 GPU with 80GB of memory.
OpenAI claims its performance is comparable to o4-mini. In benchmarks published alongside the announcement, the model was shown to outperform o4-mini across health and expert questioning benchmarks, falling behind it slightly on code completion and math tasks.
The smaller model, gpt-oss-20b, has 21 billion parameters and can be run with just 16GB of memory – meaning it can be run on AI PCs or the kind of local hardware that is easily accessible to businesses.
Both models use a mixture of experts (MoE) approach, in which a model is trained to only ever use a specialized subset of its parameters on any given task, for faster inference and less expensive pre-training.
For example, gpt-oss-120b contains 128 total experts but only activates 4 per token, for a total of 5.1 billion active parameters per token.
“gpt-oss is a big deal; it is a state-of-the-art open-weights reasoning model, with strong real-world performance comparable to o4-mini, that you can run locally on your own computer (or phone with the smaller size),” wrote Sam Altman, CEO at OpenAI, in a post on X.
“We believe this is the best and most usable open model in the world.”
OpenAI’s open weight models target cost efficiency
In a post about the models, AWS claimed that gpt-oss-120b offers 10x the price performance of its Gemini counterpart – likely a reference to Gemma – and 18x the price performance of DeepSeek-R1.
OpenAI placed emphasis on the safety of open weight models throughout its announcement post. The firm stated it trained out “harmful data related to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN)” and reinforced mechanisms to reject attempted prompt injection.
Open source and open weight AI models come with risk, chief among them being the degree to which they can empower attackers. By tweaking the guardrails and parameters within a model, threat actors can create malicious AI models used for launching more sophisticated attacks.
OpenAI acknowledged this possibility in its post, stating that it attempted to maliciously fine-tune gpt-oss models and found the models could not be used for “high capability” malicious purposes. Three independent groups of experts also weighed in on training safety.
In a further move toward establishing the safety of gpt-oss-20b, OpenAI has opened a red teaming challenge. Ethical hackers have until 26 August to submit evidence of exploits present in the model, for a maximum prize of $500,000.
The gpt-oss models are now available on Hugging Face, as well as Azure, AWS, Databricks among other deployment platforms.
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